Philopsphy paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Philopsphy paper - Essay Example The idea of all out basic is deservingly viewed as the predominant in the way of thinking of Immanuel Kant. It expresses that an individual ought to accomplish something not on the grounds that he needs to do this, yet adhering to the standard that is regular for everyone and ought to be carefully followed. â€Å"All goals are communicated with a ‘ought’, which demonstrates how a target law of reason identifies with a will that isn’t comprised to be fundamentally controlled by itâ€namely, identifying with it as a limitation. A basic says that it is acceptable to do or to abstain from accomplishing something, yet it delivers this to a will that doesn’t consistently do x since x is spoken to it as great to do†(Kant 18) Kant expresses that if an individual permits himself/herself to set the rule that will be followed distinctly by him/her and not by the remainder of the individuals, this individual can be called indecent. Kant gives various guides to exhibit how all out basic was inferred. The most boundless model is a person’s demand for cash that he/she won't give back, despite that the guarantee is given by him/her. Kant expresses that if all the individuals break guarantees, they [promises] would not exist anything else as individuals would quit trusting them. Along these lines, guarantees ought not be broken and there is a customary law not to break the guarantees as this isn't right. Here we meet the principal motivation behind why right will be good and bad isn't right. The activities satisfied as per the widespread standards set in the general public, which ought to be carefully trailed by the individuals, are viewed as â€Å"right† and everything that repudiates this guideline is â€Å"wrong†. Our activities ought not be founded on our wants, they ought to be executed as per the widespread standard. The primary concern isn't to make any damage others. In this way, if an activity carries mischief to individuals, as in our model, it can’t become a widespread law and ought not be followed. â€Å"Obviously the bogus guarantee isn’t made judicious by its only removing me from my present dif?culties; I need to consider whether it will over the long haul cause more difficulty than it spares in the present People’s loss of trust in me may be unmistakably more disadvantageous than the difficulty I am currently attempting to dodge, and it is difficult to tell whether it mightn’t be increasingly reasonable to act as per a widespread adage not ever to make a guarantee that I don’t mean to keep† (Kant 11). The end can be produced using the model that guarantees ought not be broken as this makes hurt individuals. Any break of guarantee can be viewed as unethical. As indicated by Kant, there is a general law and it is shameless to break it. 2. As per Singer, we should not act in order to forfeit a significant enthusiasm for a minor intrigue. Clarify why. Clarify how this influences Singer’s sees on the eating creatures and utilization of them in trials and his perspectives on premature birth and willful extermination. The way of thinking of Peter Singler is fascinating and exceptional. As indicated by Peter Singer, we ought not forfeit significant enthusiasm to fulfill minor intrigue. Minor intrigue is the intrigue that might be overlooked and we can undoubtedly manage without its fulfillment. Significant intrigue is progressively genuine as though it isn't fulfilled it might raise a ruckus. Single apply this announcement to the issue of eating creatures. He is against expending the tissue of creatures as considers the

Characteristics of Business Leadership Research Paper - 1

Attributes of Business Leadership - Research Paper Example Without a doubt, in the quick changing business elements, they give organizations supreme upper hand and become characteristic piece of its prosperity. Kouzes, and Posner guarantee that pioneers are visionary and who can rouse others (1988). The Body Shop is glimmering case of such authority activity which has continually set standard for organizations across globe. Ms Anita Roddick had established the organization in 1976 and had shown fantastic administration qualities. The paper would talk about The Body Shop and Roddick’s authority attributes that had advanced elevated expectation of morals and quality inside the association. Business activity The Body Shop, began in 1976 from home by Anita Roddick, was an energetic endeavor that was centered around the more extensive government assistance of ladies. The Body Shop beauty care products were propelled with a solid pioneering intuition that common fixings would be generally useful for dealing with body and stay delightful. Th e principal shop at Brighton, UK, was opened with just 15 items. She got huge reaction that brought about the opening of second shop inside the following 10 months. From that point, the prevalence of beautifiers produced using common items had remarkable achievement. Inside a range of 25 years and under her capable initiative, it was changed into multi million undertaking with in excess of 1980 outlets across 50 countries serving in excess of 77 million clients and creating income of more than $200 million. After takeover by L’Real in 2006, it currently has in excess of 2500 items in excess of 60 markets all inclusive. It creates a wide scope of body care items from common fixings and takes into account individuals from all layers of society (bodyshop.com, 2012). The Body Shop is in a general sense dependent on the reason of social awareness and conviction that benefits are not the significant objectives of business. The business must be proactive towards the requirements of the network and condition (Porter and Kramer, 2006). All the results of Body Shop are morally created. It underpins condition preservation. Regular fixings inside the items are obtained from individuals and spots who have embraced maintainable business practice. In particular, Roddick’s solid feeling of network government assistance had driven her to make work open doors for individuals in immature and creating nations like South East Asia, Africa, Brazil, Mexico and so forth. (Roddick, 1991). In reality, its significant providers of the crude items are from these nations who have advanced because of Roddick’s proactive help for supportable strategic approaches. Initiative style Anita Roddick’s authority style was transformational and depended on spurring others towards an increasingly faithful and morally conveyed business objectives. Consume (1978) stresses that transformational initiative supports relationship constructing that depends on shared regard and en gaged dynamic. Under such pioneers, the devotees are spurred to created initiative qualities and utilize basic intuition for settling clashes. Most appropriately, the pioneers additionally propose good and moral contemplations that immensely advantage the business just as the general public on the loose. Transformational pioneers advance participatory methodology which encourages shared objectives and aggregate dynamic procedures. Roddick’s administration attributes have altogether contributed towards Body Shop’s achievement. She has not exclusively been a fruitful and natural specialist yet additionally a social dissident. She has tirelessly worked for the more extensive government assistance of individuals and advanced reasonable improvement as vital piece of business methodology. Assessment of Roddick’s administrative authority Roddick’s administrative initiative was exceptionally natural and particular in its own information sources. She firmly put st ock in morals and good

Unconditional offers on the rise what it means

Unconditional offers on the rise what it means Unconditional offers on the rise: what it means In 2017, there was a steep rise in the number of unconditional offers made by universities to A Level students. As many as 40% more unconditional offers were issued by universities in England, Wales and Northern Ireland than in 2016, leading to an outcry in some quarters at the suggestion that such offers are undermining the integrity of the A Level system. But are these claims warranted? We take a look. What are unconditional offers? Students in the UK apply to universities via the centralised Universities and Colleges Admissions Service (UCAS) system, and university departments then give offers of places on their courses through the system. The vast majority of these offers are conditional on the applicant attaining a minimum set of grades in their A Level exams, for example a B and two Cs. But universities can also issue unconditional offers, which don’t specify any minimum A Level requirements at all. Why universities issue unconditional offers Universities tend to issue unconditional offers to students they really want to attract to their courses. They anticipate that other universities competing for the same students will hand these students conditional offers, and they hope that by promising applicants a stress-free ride through the end of their A Level studies, they can tempt students into accepting their offer. Remember that offers issues and accepted through the UCAS system are binding on both institution and student, so a student who accepts an unconditional offer “to be safe” commits to attending that institution, even if their results are better than they expected. This practice can backfire on an institution, however: it’s not uncommon for students to pick a challenging conditional offer as their first choice, and to take up the unconditional offer as an insurance choice, to ensure they’re able to attend a good university and avoid the stress of the Clearing process even if their A Levels go disastrously wrong! Why are unconditional offers suddenly in the news? There’s nothing new about the practice of issuing unconditional offers. What is remarkable, however, is the steep rise in the number of unconditional offers issued to applicants, and the type of students to whom these offers are made. Traditionally unconditional offers were used primarily to take the exam pressure off otherwise very high-performing students â€" those estimated AAA or AAB at A Level, for example. These were students with a proven track record of excellence who could be virtually guaranteed to thrive in a university environment even if they underperformed at A Level. Unconditional offers are now being issued much more freely to students estimated to score in the B to C range in their A Level exams, sparking accusations that universities are undermining the A Level “gold standard” to put more bums on lecture hall seats. Why the change? And are A Levels really being “undermined”? If one were being uncharitable, one might suggest that universities were simply seeking to compensate for reforms in A Level exams that have supposedly made them more rigorous and challenging, and ensuring that their admissions don’t fall as a result. If this were indeed the case, you could probably argue that universities were indeed undermining efforts to ensure the rigour of A Levels. But the story behind the A Level reforms isn’t that simple. It’s not just that A Levels have been made more rigorous but that they’ve been refocused on final, end-of-course exams. This reverses a longstanding trend towards modular, coursework-based approaches to assessment that are more inclusive and favour students with specific learning disabilities such as dyslexia, or those who simply find exams stressful. In many ways, A Levels have been recalibrated not to test knowledge or academic ability but to test the ability to take exams. Since most universities use modular and coursework-based assessment systems there’s a case to be made that a student’s estimated grades â€" supplied by teachers who evaluate their performance regularly â€" is of greater value in determining that student’s likely university performance than their final A Level marks. What seems clear from the recent trends is that universities are basing their admissions procedures on whether they think a given applicant can thrive on their courses rather than on their final A Level exam results. Whether that technically involves undermining the A Level system or not probably depends on your perspective, but we can probably expect to see more unconditional offers issued in the future. You may also like... Universities’ financial prospects: should we be worried? Its high time universities move past BTEC snobbery Why is London attracting so many fresh graduates? a levelsstudent newsucasuniversity applications

Radiation How Much Is Safe

Growing public concern about possible radiation exposure during the 2011 nuclear crisis in Japan raised questions about radiation safety: What is the relative safety of radiation at various levels?How much radiation is safe?How much radiation is dangerous or, potentially, lethal? Such concerns about radiation safety and public health prompted officials in many countries to quickly offer assurances that the radiation exposure experienced by people in the United States and other countries, and most parts of Japan, is safe and poses no health risk. In their eagerness to calm public fears about the safety of radiation and the short-term health risks of radiation exposure from the damaged nuclear reactors in Japan, however, government officials may have ignored or glossed over the potential long-term health risks and cumulative effects of radiation. Radiation Is Never Safe There is no safe level of radiation, said Dr. Jeff Patterson, immediate past president of Physicians for Social Responsibility, a radiation exposure expert, and a practicing family doctor in Madison, Wisconsin. Every dose of radiation has the potential to cause cancers, and we know that there are other damaging effects of radiation as well. The history of the radiation industry, all the way back [to] the discovery of X-rays ... is one of understanding that principle. Radiation Damage Is Cumulative We know that radiation is not safe. The damage is cumulative, and so we try and limit how much radiation exposure we get, Patterson said, noting that even during medical procedures, such as dental or orthopedic X-rays, patients wear thyroid shields and lead aprons to protect them from radiation. Radiologists may add to their protective wardrobe lead-lined gloves and special glasses to protect their corneas because you can get cataracts from radiation. Patterson made his remarks to reporters during a panel discussion about the Japan nuclear crisis at the National Press Club in Washington, DC, on March 18, 2011. The event was hosted by Friends of the Earth and featured two other nuclear experts: Peter Bradford, who was a member of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission during the Three Mile Island nuclear accident in 1979 and is a former chair of the Maine and New York utility commissions; and Robert Alvarez, senior scholar at the Institute for Policy Studies and former senior policy adviser for six years to the U.S. Energy Secretary and the Deputy Assistant Secretary for National Security and the Environment. To support his statements, Patterson cited a National Academy of Sciences report, The Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation, which concluded that radiation is a direct linear relationship [of] dose to damage, and that every dose of radiation has the potential to cause cancers. Radiation Effects Last Forever Patterson also addressed the difficulty of managing the risks of nuclear energy, and assessing the health and environmental damage caused by nuclear accidents such as Chernobyl, Three Mile Island, and the earthquake-and-tsunami-generated crisis at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear complex in Japan. Most accidents [and] natural [disasters], like Hurricane Katrina, have a beginning, a middle, and an end, Patterson said. We pack up, we repair things, and we carry on. But nuclear accidents are much, much different ... They have a beginning, and ... the middle may go on for some time ... but the end never comes. This just goes on forever. Because the effects of radiation go on forever. How many of these incidents can we tolerate before we realize that this is absolutely the wrong path to be taking? It’s an attempt to manage the unmanageable, Patterson said. There’s no way to be sure that this won’t happen again. In fact, it will happen again. History repeats itself. More Honesty About Radiation Safety Needed And speaking of history, the history of the nuclear industry has been one of minimization and cover up ... in regard to the effects of radiation [and] what has happened in these accidents, Patterson said. And that really has to change. Our government has to be open and honest with us about what’s happening there. Otherwise the fear, the concerns, just get greater. Radiation Safety and Damage Cannot Be Assessed Short-Term Asked by a reporter to explain reports that the Chernobyl nuclear accident has had no serious lasting effects on people or wildlife in the area, Patterson said the official reports on Chernobyl dont match the scientific data. Documented effects of radiation released during the Chernobyl accident include thousands of deaths due to thyroid cancer, studies showing genetic defects in many insect species around Chernobyl, and animals hundreds of miles from Chernobyl that still cant be slaughtered for meat because of the radioactive Cesium in their bodies. Yet Patterson pointed out that even those assessments are inevitably premature and incomplete. Twenty-five years after the Chernobyl accident, the people in Belarus are still eating radiation from the mushrooms and things that they gather in the forest that are high in Cesium, Patterson said. And so this does, indeed, go on and on. It’s one thing to say in a brief picture that there’s no damage. It’s another thing to look at this over 60 or 70 or 100 years, which is the time length we have to follow this. Most of us are not going to be around for the end of that experiment, he said. We’re putting it on our children and grandchildren. Edited by Frederic Beaudry

Caring For The Oral Cancer Patient - 1481 Words

Caring for the Oral Cancer Patient Sonja Black Brown Mackie College Greenville Oral cancer is considered to be any cancer that affects the head or neck with the exclusion of the brain. According to The Oral Cancer Foundation, over 43 thousand people will be diagnosed with oral cancer yearly and of that number over 8 thousand of these cases will result in death (Hill, Deitz, Sax, 2014, p. para 1). Oral cancer consists of squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, Kaposi’s sarcoma, lymphoma, and benign oral cavity tumors. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common type of oral cancer and is responsible for at least 90% of all oral cancers (Ignatavicius Workman, 2013, p. 1196). Oral cancer is initially formed by an†¦show more content†¦1197). The results of an evidence-based study concluded that serum and saliva might also be beneficial when used as a diagnostic test marker for oral cancer (Dadhich, Prabhu, Pai, D Souza, Harish, Jose, 2014). Risk Factors As with most diseases, prevention is the best approach and even though there is no definite answer to why cancer develops, there are several risk factors that may suggest that oral cancer is probable. The use of tobacco and alcohol increase the risk of developing oral cancer as so does the incident of contracting a HPV infection, which is the Human Papillomavirus (Hill, Deitz, Sax, 2014, p. para 6). According to recent studies, HPV is becoming the leading factor in patients with oral cancer. Patients should be assessed and screened for alcohol and tobacco abuse as well as the possibility of exposure to the HPV virus to determine their risk for oral cancer. Some other risk factors that may not be apparent are the exposure to the sun for prolonged periods of time without an effective sunscreen agent and a history of previous oral cancer (Hill, Deitz, Sax, 2014). A comprehensive assessment should be performed to measure the probability of this patient developing oral cancer. Home Care Management Patients should be educated on how to maintain their health while they are at

Comparison Between of Mice and Men and What’s Eating Gilbert Grape Free Essays

They both have similar qualities that relate in each story. In Steinbeck’s novel, Of Mice and Men, the time period is set in the 1930s. In the movie Whats Eating Gilbert Grape, it is set more in the modern times. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparison Between of Mice and Men and What’s Eating Gilbert Grape or any similar topic only for you Order Now The characters act and are similar in a lot of ways. Gilbert is a teenager that is struggling to support his family after his father killed himself. Gilbert relates to George because they are both constantly having to take care of someone else. George is always having to take care of Lennie. Lennie is also a mentally handicapped man who is the reason why they are in trouble most of the time. Lennie and Arnie are exactly the same.They both have a â€Å"fatherly† figure that is always there to take care of them and they both are diagnosed with mentally retardation. Although the time period is different, both stories follow along with the same story line. They both are struggling with living in a depressing world and always looking for opportunities for work. Betty Carver is a married mother of two children who is lonely. Her husband is a sales man and is considered mean. They relate to Curley and his wife. Curley is a land owner and is the boss of the workers. Curley’s wife is always looking for attention but is not someone you want to mess around with.They both are seducing younger men which in the end turns out to be trouble. Bonnie, the mother of the grape family, is struggling with being morbidly obese and widowed. She is laughed at and made fun of when seen. She reminds me of Crook. Crook is a black man who is put down because of his color. He doesn’t like to be   around anyone he doesn’t know. In the end, both George and Gilbert have to make a big decision. George has to either killer Lennie or run away again and Gilbert has to either let his mother be humiliated by being lifted out by a crane or burn the house down with her inside of it. How to cite Comparison Between of Mice and Men and What’s Eating Gilbert Grape, Papers

Various Genetic Disorders Essay Example For Students

Various Genetic Disorders Essay Various Genetic Disorders Alterations in human chromosomes or the deletion of an important gene product are often due to a mutation, which can spring an abundant strand of genetic mutations and improper coding. Mutations can spring from deletion, duplication or inversion of a chromosome. This improper deletion is the factor that leads to complications and ultimately genetic disorders. Turner Syndrome and Cat-cry Syndrome are both alterations of chromosome structure due to deletion. In Turner Syndrome, there is a missing X chromosome and in the Cat-cry Syndrome chromosome-18 has been lost or deleted. Other genetic disorders that give rise to discussion are point mutations which include Sickle cell anemia, Maternal PKU and the genetic disorder of The D1 Trisomy syndrome. We will write a custom essay on Various Genetic Disorders specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Turner Syndrome was described first by Turner in 1938 (Jack H. Hung 1989 p.45) and it was established that this disorder was due to the deletion of an X chromosome in 1959 by Ford, Jones, Polani, de Ameida and Briggs. The most predominant traits of those who have this disorder consist of being short, having neck webbing with a low hairline and having a widely spaced chest. Turner Syndrome disease is not a fatal disease as long as there is management of possible heart problems and ovarian dysfunction. Early support and counseling are the key in dealing with psychological problems that may arise such as infertility and potential hearing loss. Cat-cry Syndrome is another deletion disorder in which inhibitor survives quite well. Lejeune recognized this disorder in 1964 and he gave it the official name of La Maladie du Cri-du-Chat. The physical characteristics are evident in this disorder. There is a round moon-face, a low birth weight and a transverse palmar crease. When infants are born, it is their cry that stands out the most. It embodies a plaintive high-pitched wail, weak, and with a hint of stridor that sounds like that of a cat (Valtine 1969 p.113). This cry is the result of small vocal cords and a curved epiglottis. As these infants grow older their voice will eventually deepen and become more normal. The chromosome deletion is part of the short arm of a B group chromosome. It seems that the deletion comes about as a chance mishap, a break and then a loss at anaphase (Valtine 1969 p.114). Sickle cell disease is another disorder but is not caused by the deletion of a chromosome. Instead there is an abnormal type of hemoglobin S that is inherited as an autosomal inherited trait. This disease produces chronic anemia, which may become life threatening when hemolytic crises (the breakdown of redblood cells) or aplastic crises (bone marrow fails to produce blood cells) occur (http://www.wcu.edu/library/online/index.htm). The incidence of this disorder is 1/400 African Americans and 8/100,000 people. The manifestations of this disease are a result of the fragility and inflexibility of the sickle red bloodcells. When exposed to a lack of water, infection, and low oxygen supply, thesedelicate red blood cells take the shape of a crescent. This then causes blood celldevastation and thickening of the blood. Sickle cell anemia has the potential to be life threatening and can affect other body systems and parts of the body. Those included are the nervous system, bones, the kidneys and the liver. Maternal PKU is a genetic disorder that stems from point mutation. 1/15,000 people fall victim to the disorder. Phenylketonuria (PKU) has been shown as a cause of retardation in infant fetuses. Children in the fetus begin with a normal amount of phenylalanine hydroxylase but are affected by the mothers elevated phenylalanine level due to the imbalance of prenatal amino acid (Kenneth Lyons Jones, M.D. 1988). Mental deficiency is clearly evident in disorder and usually consists of I.Q.s of 50. There are frequent mild manifestations of dysfunction and there are mild characteristics of a round face, thin upper lip, a small upturned nose and a deformed maxilla. Occasional abnormalities that are frequently associated with this disorder are sacral spine anomalies, cleft lip and irritability. .u82a046d257d31a4b051d431be46c8ca2 , .u82a046d257d31a4b051d431be46c8ca2 .postImageUrl , .u82a046d257d31a4b051d431be46c8ca2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u82a046d257d31a4b051d431be46c8ca2 , .u82a046d257d31a4b051d431be46c8ca2:hover , .u82a046d257d31a4b051d431be46c8ca2:visited , .u82a046d257d31a4b051d431be46c8ca2:active { border:0!important; } .u82a046d257d31a4b051d431be46c8ca2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u82a046d257d31a4b051d431be46c8ca2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u82a046d257d31a4b051d431be46c8ca2:active , .u82a046d257d31a4b051d431be46c8ca2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u82a046d257d31a4b051d431be46c8ca2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u82a046d257d31a4b051d431be46c8ca2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u82a046d257d31a4b051d431be46c8ca2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u82a046d257d31a4b051d431be46c8ca2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u82a046d257d31a4b051d431be46c8ca2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u82a046d257d31a4b051d431be46c8ca2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u82a046d257d31a4b051d431be46c8ca2 .u82a046d257d31a4b051d431be46c8ca2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u82a046d257d31a4b051d431be46c8ca2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Euclid's Facts EssayThe D1 Trisomy Syndrome is a very rare hideous disease that occurs during the time of infancy. Only just over a dozen cases on record. This diagnosis can often be made at birth due to the consistent abnormalities. The baby is frail, puny, and microcephalic. There may be deformities of the scalp or skull and there is invariably cleft lip or palate (Kenneth Lyons Jones, M.D.). The fingers and toes are often disfigured on these victems. As far as the other body parts go, there is a congenital heart deformity and there is often abnormal lobulation of the lungs. Interestingly enough, these bizarre deformities are present due to one of the chromosomes in Grou p D, but it is hard to say which one because the D chromosomes cannot be distinguished. The disorder of the D1 Trisomy syndrome is fatal and the babies are expected to live only a few days or weeks, some have lived to 2 or 3 years. If the baby does live past infancy, severe mental defects take their toll. This disorder stood out to me due to the nature of its mysterious formation. It is not known whether pair 13,14, or 15 arise conflict in the chromosomes. Through conducting research on genetic disorders I have come into contact with books that hold hundreds of genetic disorders and most of these pictures are those of children. I picked this topic due to my interest on the topic, but was completely unaware of the graphic nature of some of these disorders. Theodore Roosevelt quotesFar better it is to dare mighty things, to win glorious triumphs, even though checkered by failure, than to take rank with those poor spirits who neither enjoy much nor suffer much, because they live in the great twilight that knows neither victory nor the feeling of defeat. The genetic disorders of today can not be totally wiped off the face of the planet, but can be somewhat predicted with the help of family trees and common knowledge of ancestors. BibliographyKenneth Lyons Jones, M.D. 1988. Smiths Recognizable Patterns of Human Malformation pp.520-521 W. B. Saunders Company. G.H. Valentine, M B. 1969. The Chromosome Disorders pp. 113-115 pp. 103-106 Printed in Great Britain by The Whitefriars Press Ltd. London and Tonbridge. Jack H. Jung, M.D. 1989. Genetic syndromes in Communication Disorders pp. 45 PRO-ED Printed in the United States of America. Neil A Campbell, Lawrence G. Mitchell, Jane B. Reece. 1997. Biology concepts and connections. In The Human Genome pp. 238-239 The Benjamin/cummings Publishing Company. Arthur Metcalf. Sickle Cell Diesase. Accessed 4/20/99 through Dogpile. http://www.wcu.edu/library/online/index.htm)